Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. To obtain In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. 1). Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles You have to know what is around you. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. Flashcards. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. They could put more effort in it. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. We of course ran to the TV and turned it on and turned on the computers and [motions typing on keyboard] and made phone calls and we had phones calls and then we tried to get more information from the television mostly and the internet and when we didnt get any more information we just went to bed. Responses. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. . Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Fissure eruptions are common and are frequently observed by NASA. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. Map produced by Olga Kolbrn Vilmundardttir. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. . Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. 1) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. They registered in and out of the area. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). However, the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation. Something went wrong thenbut our kids in Reykjavk, college students, they got an alarm. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Match. They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. ; A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. 1 / 9. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. 6.8 km. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. This extends from the south coast of the island and was imposed because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting potential for pyroclastic activity. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. Your shoes may fill up with volcanic material and as a fun fact, I can add that nobody would have a wooden floor in the Westman Islands years after the eruption. That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. Hence, it is well known that if you are located in these areas you must evacuatehighlighting geographic location as an important factor influencing decision-making. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. comm. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. We got away relatively well from ash fall and the jkulhlaup went only over grazing land and not cultivated land. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. Population of Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystra by age and sex. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. and JavaScript. Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. I know most of the people that live here. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. Learn. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV (2007) Community processes: warning and evacuation. The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. Despite this, some appreciated the eruption for its sheer beauty and force. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. Bird, D.K., Gsladttir, G. Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). 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